|
Tobacco has a long history from its usages in the early Americas. It became increasingly popular with the arrival of the Europeans by whom it was heavily traded. Following the industrial revolution, cigarettes were becoming popularized in the New World as well as Europe, which fostered yet another unparalleled increase in growth. This remained so until the scientific revelations in the mid-1900s. ==Early history== Tobacco was first discovered by the native peoples of north and South America and later introduced to Europe and the rest of the world. Tobacco had already long been used in the Americas by the time European settlers arrived and introduced the practice to Europe, where it became popular. At high doses, tobacco can become hallucinogenic;〔''This Is Your Country on Drugs: The Secret History of Getting High in America'', Ryan Grim, 2009.〕 accordingly, Native Americans did not smoke tobacco recreationally. Eastern North American tribes have historically carried large amounts of tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item, as well as smoking it in pipe ceremonies, whether sacred ceremonies or those to seal a treaty or agreement.〔e.g. Heckewelder, ''History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania'', p. 149 ff.〕〔"They smoke with excessive eagerness ... men, women, girls and boys, all find their keenest pleasure in this way." - Dièreville describing the Mi'kmaq, c. 1699 in ''Port Royal''.〕 Tobacco is considered a gift from the Creator, and tobacco smoke is seen as carrying one's thoughts and prayers to the spirits.〔''Tobacco: A Study of Its Consumption in the United States'', Jack Jacob Gottsegen, 1940, p. 107.〕 Apart from smoking, tobacco had a number of uses as medicine. As a pain killer it was used for earache and toothache and occasionally as a poultice. Smoking was said by the desert Indians to be a cure for colds, especially if the tobacco was mixed with the leaves of the small desert sage, ''Salvia dorrii'', or the root of Indian balsam or cough root, ''Leptotaenia multifida'', the addition of which was thought to be particularly good for asthma and tuberculosis.〔California Natural History Guides: 10. Early Uses of California Plant, By Edward K. Balls University of California Press, 1962 University of California Press.()〕 As tobacco use spread into European cultures, however, it was no longer used primarily for religious purposes, although religious use of tobacco is still common among many indigenous peoples, particularly in the Americas. Among the Cree and Ojibwe of Canada and the north-central United States, it is offered to the Creator, with prayers, and is used in sweat lodges, pipe ceremonies, and is presented as a gift. A gift of tobacco is tradition when asking an Ojibwe elder a question of a spiritual nature. Because of its sacred nature, tobacco abuse (thoughtlessly and addictively chain smoking) is seriously frowned upon by the Algonquian tribes of Canada, as it is believed that if one so abuses the plant, it will abuse that person in return, causing sickness. The proper and traditional Native way of offering the smoke does not involve deeply inhaling or holding it within the lungs for prolonged periods.〔(Aboriginal Youth Network / Health Canada, "A Tribe called Quit" )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「history of tobacco」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|